It was the biggest geomagnetic storm in recorded history. The Sun hurled
billions of tons of electrons and protons whizzing toward Earth, and
when those particles slammed into the planet’s magnetic field they
created spectacular auroras of red, green and purple in the night skies —
along with powerful currents of electricity that flowed out of the
ground into the wires, overloading the circuits.
If such a storm struck in the 21st century, much more than paper and
wires would be at risk. Some telecommunications satellites high above
Earth would be disabled. GPS signals would be scrambled. And the surge
of electricity from the ground would threaten electrical grids, perhaps
plunging a continent or two into darkness.
Scientists say it is impossible to predict when the next monster solar
storm will erupt — and equally important, whether Earth will lie in its
path. What they do know is that with more sunspots come more storms, and
this fall the Sun is set to reach the crest of its 11-year sunspot
cycle.
Sunspots are regions of turbulent magnetic fields where solar flares originate. Their ebb and flow have been observed for centuries,
but only in the past few decades have solar scientists figured out that
magnetic fields within the spots can unleash the bright bursts of light
called solar flares and the giant eruptions of charged particles known
as coronal mass ejections.
Experts are divided on the earthly consequences of a cataclysmic solar
eruption, known as a Carrington event, for the British amateur
astronomer who documented the 1859 storm.
A continentwide blackout would affect many millions of people, “but it’s manageable,” said John Moura of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation,
a nonprofit group founded by utilities to help manage the power grid.
Most of the grid could be brought back online within a week or so, he
said.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/science/space/on-the-watch-for-a-solar-storm.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
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